GM 12608663 Sensor Assembly, Heated Oxygen (Position 2)

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An oxygen sensor functions as a galvanic battery that generates a small voltage output based on the oxygen levels in exhaust gases, providing essential input for the feedback loop with the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) to maintain the ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1 for optimal catalytic converter performance. Vehicles equipped with On-Board Diagnostics II (080-11) engine management systems utilize two oxygen sensors-one before and one after the catalytic converter-to assess converter efficiency by comparing oxygen levels in the exhaust gases. Four-cylinder models feature one upstream sensor located on the exhaust manifold and one downstream sensor positioned below the catalytic converter, while V6 models have two upstream and two downstream sensors, each situated in the exhaust manifolds and pipes, respectively. All sensors are heated to enhance warm-up time, with the PCM controlling the heater circuit. Care must be taken during servicing, as the sensors have permanently attached pigtails and connectors that, if damaged, render them unusable. When replacing sensors, it is advisable to warm the engine to ease removal, apply anti-seize compound to old sensors, and ensure proper installation and torque specifications.