Q: What is the purpose of a catalytic converter and how can you diagnose and repair a malfunctioning one?
A: The catalytic converter is an emission control device added to the exhaust system to reduce pollutants from the exhaust gas stream. A three-way (reduction) catalyst design is used. The catalytic coating on the three-way catalyst contains platinum and rhodium, which lowers the levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) as well as hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The test equipment for a catalytic converter is expensive and highly sophisticated. If you suspect that the converter on your vehicle is malfunctioning, take it to a dealer or authorized emissions inspection facility for diagnosis and repair. Whenever the vehicle is raised for servicing of underbody components, check the converter for leaks, corrosion, dents and other damage. Check the flange bolts that attach the front and rear ends of the converter to the exhaust system. If damage is discovered, the converter should be replaced. A catalytic converter may become plugged. The easiest way to check for a restricted converter is to use a vacuum gauge to diagnose the effect of a blocked exhaust on the intake vacuum. Connect a vacuum gauge to an intake manifold vacuum source. Warm the engine to operating temperature, place the transmission in Park and apply the parking brake. Note and record the vacuum reading at idle. Open the throttle until the engine speed is about 2000 rpm. Release the throttle quickly and record the vacuum reading. Perform the test three more times, recording the reading after each test. If the reading after the fourth test is more than one in-Hg lower than the reading recorded at idle, the catalytic converter, muffler or exhaust pipes may be clogged or restricted. Raise the vehicle and support it securely on jackstands. Disconnect the electrical connectors from the Oxygen Sensors. Remove the catalytic converter-to-exhaust pipe flange bolts and separate the exhaust pipe from the catalytic converter. Support the exhaust pipe. Remove the bolts and detach the catalytic converter header pipe from the exhaust manifold. Remove the catalytic converter and pipe assembly. Clean the carbon deposits from the mounting flanges and install new gaskets. Installation is the reverse of removal.